USA history

. The players of chess that accepts the veto that to along?tato place to topics which the religion or politics, can add the history of chess to these arguments. Still today he infuriates the controversy on the origins of this. Writers and theorists have variously attributed to the invention of chess nearly all the ancient civilt?fricane, European Asians and, while some succeed in to support that the origins can quite go back to. Some theories attribute to single personages the honor of the invention the directory of the presumed inventors?rrivata to include (with to one of their effective ` invenzioni'): Adam (the sin), Ermes (the Lira), Palamedes (the habit to eat three times to the day), Queen Semiramis (the fondatrice of Babylon), King Salomone (the justice) and Aristotle (the Not only nobody of these individuals has invented chess, but nobody of they you gioc?ai. Games with superficial likenesses to chess are are existed for migliaia of years and have been painted, as an example, on the tombe. But. these similitudini are with every. ?ncora be tried some tie directed between chess and these games, n?robabilmente the verr?ai. The name originates them of the game chaturanga ("was literally divided in four"), from the words in sanscrito chatur, that it means "four". the name makes armed reference the division of the four - infantry, cavalry, wagons and elephants chess came literally played on the ashtapada ("to eight feet"): one. "the quadripartito" aspect of the word sanscrita in reference to the often travisato?tato game, and?os?he believed that in the shape it originates them was a game for four persons. There are tests of a version to four participants of the game of chess, but this would have been only varying of the version originates them and he was not never particularly popular. Chess to four, however, never seems not to be escapes from the borders of India. ?importante to notice that chaturanga it was a word that made reference directly the Indian armies only as a result of. Cos?nche the word ashtapada existed gi?al according to century d. This means directly that, in the shape it originates them, chess were explicitly considers a war game you, having taken the name from the armys. Left Poich?na to chess came faced on a chessboard gi?a along used for various games in the course of the centuries, many theorists has convene in believing that same chess was a lot pi?ecchi of how much is not in realt?Quale specific role has had the ashtapada in the development of chess not?ato knowledge. One possibilit? that it was used for totally various games from chess and that its introduction in this. An other theory supports that the ashtapada always it has been associated to something of similar to chess, but of which not. Others support that it initially was used for proposed to you astrological and single gradually introduced like chessboard. II first reference to chess in the reached sanscrita literature until we appears in the 625, Harsha Indian, than regn?al 606 to the 647. Bana describes this King of Kanauj which peace prince, noticing that in its reign the only fought wars were those between the bees in tries of pollen, the only feet stump to you were those in armed literature and the sun squared movements were those on the 64. Many given can be established thanks to documents. As an example, the incoronazione of a new monarch verr?receduta from the dead women of that previous one, from deals to you on the preparation of the incoronazione ceremony, from documents on the resisting takeover of the new one, and cos?ia. In these cases, the historical registries are often rich and detail to you. to new games "it invents to you" or fixed in a shape that was recognized like. Who could have imagined that the new game would be survivor in the course of the centuries necessary to record the details of the first period of existence of chess. From the moment that clear historical references do not exist on the origins of chess, we can determine the period and the place of their invention only indirectly and approximately. The?imile task to that one of the archaeologist who must reconstruct the history of one animal of which he possesses only the incomplete skeleton - we must try to fill up the holes with reasonable approximation, taking advantage of all the elements to our disposition. Of all the periods it calls to you in cause, the pi?erosimile hypothesis?he chess are been born in India around to met?el the 6, century. This date comes indicated from a poema Persian written approximately in year 600, than ago reference to the game of chess coming from from India. The following literature of the 50-150 years newly describes to the game of chess, characterizing some the origin in India or in Persia. insomma, they support an other on this important issue. Later on, no specific reference to chess, although there is an immense literature is Indiana is produced from aliens who visited the same India suggest clearly that chess still had not been invents to you, otherwise would have been find references to you in the literature of this. ?proprio perch?' invention of chess to only pu?ssere determined with indirect methods that are NATO cos?ante theories on the origins of this game, ognuna with the own tests indiziarie. this lack of directed testimonies, the steps completed in the course of the years in the field of the search has demonstrated the infondatezza of the greater part of these theories and, at the same time, the historians of it have created of new first writers stretched to take for good also history of novellistic like tests of the true history of chess, a lot that King Art?u even considered. ?dunque easy to comprise as the theories on the origins of chess are never remained confused for a period cos?ungo. From India, chess was moved in Persia. It seems that this game has been introduced during the reign of the Persian monarch Khusrau Nushirwan, than govern?al 531 to the 579. We know from literary sources of this period that, gi?ell' year 600, chess was becomes to you common attivit?ella nobilt?Nei first years in Persia, chess competed in popolarit?on numerous other games, pi?oto between which it was the bachgammon. Written that they compared the two disciplines they were enough recurrent documents where appeared references to chess were often accompanies to you from devout explanations? less real of the origin of the game - it was said that it was a method of education of the principles, or a substitute for the King without enemies gives. Chess probably moved in the world Muslim from the Persia in the period between the 650 and the 750, met?el the 9, Muslim to century that the first testimonies documented on the existence of the theory come scacchistica. numerous Ibn writer an-Nadim nomination players who had written books on. During this period, many authors not only contributed to the learning of the scacchistica theory, but they gave a large one to make in order to find a moral justification for this game: from the moment that was not mentioned in the Corano, its religious state was uncertain. The supporters of chess praised it in the hope that was not inserted in the category of the attivit?andite ones, like the game. Pieces in this period generally were not represented to you, in how much the practical Muslim did not allow the use of images. The poets Muslims wrote on chess and used. Al-Farazdaq composed a poema that it low contained references a1 social level of the pedestrians: "I far away hold Them from yours eredit? from the real crown, cosicch?ostacolato from my army, you remain. The history of chess before these sanscriti references and Persian us?conosciuta - and perhaps the rimarr?n eternal, although. After to have examined the total lack of every antecedent reasonable documentation to the seventh century, one historical of chess made reference to the antecedent period to this in its history of chess, defining it like "oscurit?mpenetrabile". also the eternal question if the game of chess were created from one single mind or accumulateing itself of contributions from part of coming from ideatori from various. From India, chess was moved until China, to. Chess was mentions to you in the Chinese literature for before the time around to 800, Chinese chess and Japanese they are meaningfully various from what the rest of the world defines chess today however, are of the important analogies: Chinese chess, as an example, has a Horse that moves. This renders improbable that they are completely different games that they are evoluti independently one from the other. In some you leave of Asia, which the Island of Burma, Indian chess and Chinese they have been adopts to you as you play popular. An interesting theory on the origins of chess of it indicates the birth in China, like the natural evolution of a rituale. But this theory?ostenuta mainly from the speculation. Chess penetrated nell' western Europe through the Arabic world, before della fine del first millenium Europe divenne the pi?ertile zone for the development degli chess nel second. One does not know if chess is joints before in Spain or Italy. ?nche possible that they are it arrives in both the devout nations to you. The first document written European that ago reference to the game of the bags laughed them little before year 1000. but not?hiaro if chess were a new game or if they made gi?arte of the culture of western Europe of the previous century. Since chess appears regularly in the European literature, often they have been made hypothesis on their origins: a history diffused in the medieval literature narrated as an example that chess was been born during besieges of Troy in order to gain the trouble. It was in Europe that the pawns endured the transformation give. Between several the important pieces, in how much they constitute tests of the existence of chess in medieval age and they say to us that form representative assumed, the pi?elebri are those Lewis sayings. Discoveries in 1831 in the Scottish island of Lewis, these 78 pieces - part of four incomplete series - are given you around to the 12.. They are gains to you from ivory of tricheco and, probably, original of. Currently all to the British Museum or the National Museum are found. After to have caught up Europe, chess was diffused quickly: gi?ll' beginning of the 13, century had conquered the continent. One historical of chess described their spread with these words: "from the Hindu one to the Atlantic and the Sahara to the Islanda". In medieval age chess was cos?opolari to supplant to all the other games was between the games that did not survive to the introduction of chess and still today knows little of they. The Victoria of chess was cos?etta that the little references to these games often were translate in the other languages with. Between first playing to chess in Europe they were. There are many documents that testify the ban of the church in the comparisons of chess, but clearly this ban was ineffective. 14, century, a Christian writer condann?n player in order to only have sin of pride in wanting to play well to chess, without however condemning. From the Church, nobilt?Gi?el the 12, chess moved to century a directory of the attivit?referite ones from the knights numbered chess in a comprising directory the equitazione, the falconry and. Often chess came legacies to bets of economic nature, like for many pastimes of the age. One of the shapes of Victoria pi?omuni in et?edievale was called "king knot", when cio?enivano captured all pieces to the infuori of the king of the bets, where scaccomatto appeared like this type of, relatively. Chess, as many other games and pastimes, came regularly mentions to you in the literature of this period, with two lovers who met themselves during one left to chess, as an example, like. of famous above all for I use it of allegorie. chess could be a tradimento or war, love vicissitude, and allegorie cos?Queste often correlated the characteristic different of pieces to the social hierarchy of the moment: one left to chess could therefore be used like literary instrument in order to represent two feudali getlteman and theirs vassalli in war or, pi?eneralmente, the roles of different persons. One of the pi?amose of these allegorie moral was written from Jacobus Cessolis. William Caxton translate it in English with the title it of "The Game and Playe of the Chesse" and, in 1475, this text divenne according to book. In Europe, the first five hundred years, chess. They were in the first place a social pastime pi?he an intellectual occupation. consequently, little steps ahead, theorists or technicians were made, regarding those described in the muslim literature that arriv?n Europe endured after the introduction of chess. The small changes that were taken place in this period were substantially superficial, like the evolution from the design separated to that one. There were per?lcuni marks them that they left to foresee pi?ostanziali changes: in sure localit?le rules they allowed to times a pedestrian to be left over of two cases to the first movement and they were taken place first tried you to modify the movement of the Queen to be considered pi?egli experiments that of the changes it does not codify to you. But towards the end of the 15, century was an unexpected reform in the rules that was adopted fastly in all Europe: draft of the greater change of this game in the course of all its history. One of the new rules allowed a pedestrian to be left over of two cases to its first movement and this had the effect to velocizzare the game without stravolgerne too much the tactics generates them. Two ulterior variations turned out still pi?ostanziali: Flagman was allowed to to move pi?ontano, fornendogli approximately same value of Horse, while the Queen divenne, from a piece weak person who was (of fact pi?ebole of the king), that one in absolute pi?La what verific?endendo the movement of the Queen a combination of the movement of the Tower and the new Flagman change was cos?adicale that the literature of the time makes reference to the game reformed like "chess of the Queen" or, with little elogiativo judgment. As we have gi?isto, the greater part of the progresses in chess happened in. In the period that extends between the end of the rinascimento and the beginning of the illuminismo, chess endured a phase of stagnazione in many regions of Europe, although never completely of fashion while in some places of the continent there were theoretical innovations and even increases of. During the 17, century the scacchistico atmosphere beginnings? to mature and the greater part of ci?he we associate to the modern discipline inizi?d to emerge: a detailed literature, players professionals, international encounter to squares, competitions, folta a spectacular formation of amatoriali players and events, as you meet the blind person were not considers a pastime you of the privileged class, but rather attivit?on valid elements of challenge, are in sport sense that intellectual. to the symbolic meant one little importance was given that to the qualit?ntrinseca of the same game. Particular circles of meeting, call to you "coffehouse", appeared for before the time in Europe during the 17, century: places assign to various particularly attivit?i appeal to to you, accidental or pi?icercate, divennero in those years. In the 18, century chess acquired always greater favor between the intellectuals. Leibniz the great mathematician, considered them like. The centers of the attivit?cacchistica during this century were England and France. to Paris, the Caf?e the R?nce was the place of preferred encounter from the players of chess founded to the end of the 17, century, the main London caff?cacchistico was instead the Slaughter' s. Riun? better players of the age, included L?ll de Kermeur, Francois-Andr?anican, Philidor, Alexandre Deschapelles, Bourdonnais and Saint-Amant cos?ome famous players not professionals which Voltaire, Rousseau, Robespierre, Napoleone and Benjamin Franklin. The famous scacchistico test of 1779 of Benjamin Franklin "The Morals of Chess", dimostr?a esteem that the great theorist tried. Many of qualit?he he attributed to chess, per?possono to derive from other types of mental training: Franklin indic?essun exclusive element of the galateo game of chess and did not comprise some amusing councils: You do not have, when you have conquered the Victoria, to use exultation expressions or of insult, to n?ostrare too much satisfaction you must, instead, try of consoling your adversary and rendering it little insoddisfatto than if same, with every type of kind and civil expression who can be used without the use of the menzogna. tried, as an example, with "you understand the game more better than me, but six leggermente distracted", or "Games too much fastly". or still "you have played decidedly better, but?uccesso something that has deconcentrato to you". Although he was American, the contribution of Franklin garlics lived before in France and published to London that in the United States. Moreover, Franklin had difficolt? to find adversaries in America and, consequently, gioc?a greater part of its games in its. A complete description of these new chess appeared in a Spanish book of the theorist Luis de entitled Lucena "latte of chess". the test was printed and published in 1496 united to its book the "Speech on the love" (like afferm?no studious of chess, "love and chess can not seem arguments correlates to you, but for Lucena two battles in miniatura were both"). The book of Lucena fairly contains eleven examples of openings and 150 problems uniforms between old chess and chess "of the Queen". its job survives still today. According to book on the scacchistica theory of this. The book of Lucena was elaborated and a lot exhausting, but never it was not ripubblicato. That one of Damiano, printed in Italian and Spanish, was ripubblicato eight times in various editions in the course of average century, having carried one historical to assert that it was the "first one best-seller of the modern game". A Spanish priest who read the book of Damiano, finding it totally inadequate, of it wrote one personally. Segura was considered one of pi?randi the players of its days and its book, published in 1561, was a step in ahead regarding the previous schools. Concentr?a its attention on the openings rather than on the problems, introducing the term "gambit" (before moved) in the literature. It comes, moreover, remembered for its suggestion to always try to place the chessboard in such way that the sun was in face to the adversary. Before in the 1574 and then in the successive year priest sfid?eonardo of Bona and Paul Buoys to Madrid. These games were meaningful single perch?e defeats of L?z did not mark the beginning of the decline of its scacchistica reputation, but also perch?appresentarono the first documented example of an organized encounter of chess and client sovvenzion?ntrambi the encounter of L?z against the two foreign adversaries, a lot that is Leonardo that Buoys will receive rich prizes from Spanish reigning. ?difficile to put with an accurate biography of. They were the protagonists of many written of the age, but by now?ifficile to determine which they could be true and which it is made. One said that both had been captured from the pirati ones and that both were resolutions to get rid striking to chess the head of the pirati ones and that then they were died poisons to you. The following period the publication of the book of Ruy L?z was between the pi?mportanti for the development of chess and included 1a publication of some. The sponsorship of resisting and noble supported players of talent and promoted remarkable progresses in the theory. If the Spanish priest disprezz?l its predecessore Damiano, one of the German critics us of L?z afferm?he the progress taken place between L?z and the advent of the Italian theorist Polerio could be considered "the step from oscurit?lla the light", emphasizing the rapidit?on which chess was developed during the rinascimento. An other personage who widely contribu?llo development of chess in that period was the Italian player Greek Gioacchino, been born in the 1600, through Europe earning themselves living with the victories to chess and selling its copied manuscript by hand. Approximately twenty of the copies they survive still today, showing as the Italian scacchistica theory was pi?voluta respect. Greek wrote for the expert players, using of the analyses of extensive openings and varies examples to you, but in rather devoid way for how much he regarded. Its greater infuence on European chess was had after its dead women, to et?i the 34 years, when its job was published and printed in several languages, included. Approximately 50 years after its dead women, the French historian Pierre Bayle wrote in its Dictionaire Historique ET Critique that Greek "was a cos?bile player of chess, than does not have to seem strange that I write. He did not have equal to the game in no part of the world ". During the life of Greek, however, the books that went for the greater one were for pi?i an inferior level to its example, published in England in 1614, forn?oprattutto details of pure behavioural nature during one left to chess, pi?he true and own theoretical analyses only demonstrate as chess was becomes to you always pi?opolari, but like pastime for the persons of. Chess continued then, for all the rinascimento, to supply the background for participations of varied nature not closely inherent to the same game. 1624, a commedia antiSpanish, "To Game at Chess", were represented to London for nine consecutive days making to mark the all exausted one and were interrupted alone because of the protests of the ambassador. Without doubt, the pi?uminosa star that its enterprises of game and its handbook, this French emerged from the Caf?Ricordato in the scacchistici circles for, whose father had been caretaker near the musical library of the king, were also. One of its first and pi?ivertenti scacchistiche enterprises carried out during one pause of rest passed with the musicians of the king. The Philidor young person, that it was then member of the chorus to the Real Nail head to Versailles, gioc? chess with one of the old musicians, the whose humor peggior?an hand that its situation aggravated Philidor hardly gave scaccomatto, scapp?alla room, taken care of the reaction of its adversary to the defeat. When its voice cambi?lasci?l chorus in order to pass great part of the time to the Caf?e the R?nce, where incontr?egai ] de Kermeur, than divenne its. Super?resto Philidor L?ll, than until that moment had been the better player in. Little pi?i twenty years, Philidor rec? London where it gained one left against Philip Stamma, left played to the center of the London scacchistico circle, Slaughter' s. It was alone ventiduenne when happening wrote its book on chess of greater, "Lanalyze de?ecs" (1749). Philidor then supported that pi?rande the defect of the players of chess of its time was the use scorretto of the pedestrians chess "?a pi?omune interpretation of the pi?amosa phrase of its book concepts of" besieges "and" position sacrifice ", absolutely the vanguard. Although its remarkable ones capacit?n vary fields to you, Philidor were described from its contemporaries like a much little interesting man of its admirers, in order to explain its lack of spirit, have asserted: "That man does not have. He does not have to be strange that Philidor was attracted from London. the players of chess from Slaughter' s were in fact serious students of the discipline test published in that period contained the slogan "only Sold to the Tops House di Slaughter' s, in Martin' s Wools". and a frequent visitor of the circle Philip Stamma, had published the pi?nfluente book on chess of the antecedent decade the job of Philidor. in attacking the job of Greek, as an example deridendo the attention lend from Greek to the first movement of the king wrote to such purpose: "I consider this method absolutely useless and lacking in foundation. However, after its defeat in the challenge against Philidor not pubblic?i?ulla. While Philidor dominated the scacchistica scene of the 18, century, there were however also other theorists of care outside from its infuence. In Italy, three writers acquired importance: Ercole of the River, Giambattista Lolli and Domenico Ponziani. The prosperit?conomica of the 19, century port? an increase of the number of endowed persons of sufficient culture to find chess exciting. It was in this period that nacquero club assigns you exclusively to chess, particularly in Great Britain. Because of complessit?el the game, the copy for players of every level was fundamental for its spread. Although Labourdonnais was without doubt the winner of the encounter, MacDonnell gained some interesting games. This contesa between two asserts players strongly to you cre?n interest in the comparisons of chess. Some games were published and studied from the students and the same ones teaching of chess. The successive year to the Labourdonnais-MacDonnel encounter, appeared the first article of chess of popular type, on Beautiful s the Life of London. All the scacchistici centers did not experience the same one succeeding that smiled on to London during first part of the 19, century. Labourdonnais fond?a first review of chess in the year that segu?e its great victories on MacDonnel. But The Palam? (that it received the name from Palamedes, one of the presumed inventors of chess) dur?olo little years. Devout? less in these years, a group of gets passionate you of Berlin, known like Pleiades, realizz?a before modern encyclopedia of the openings. Paul von Bilguer beginnings? writing 1' Handbuch DES Schachspiels and the first edition was finished from the Baron Tassilo von der Lasa after the dead women of Bilguer. The prominence of London as understood them world-wide of chess in the 19, century unquestionably was established from the apparition of Howard Staunton on the scacchistica scene. He fond?l Chess Player' s Chronicle and small challenges happened every so often, through its review and the Palam, between English and French players. Staunton was described from one historical of chess like "nearly always ready discussing with nearly anyone". Ciononostante, was pi?orte the player of the world. During it it was of Staunton was created the first national organization in order to promote the game of chess, than nacque from ` the Yorkshire Chess Association'. At the same time, while local scacchistici bloomed, chess divennero an always pi?nternazionale game, at least to the high levels. For the end of the 19, century, came conduct international games via telegraph. The American Paul Morphy divenne a detection of chess still in giovent?Vinse easy some games to London and Paris, playing shiningly, but did not have never the possibilit?i to face Staunton to the chessboard. Morphy torn?n America, stopped to play to chess and soffr?pi?vanti, of instabilit?entale. But the pi?mportante international development of this period was the international torneo. The first one was kept to London in the 1851, organized one from Staunton, which stabil?e the rules of the competition. Many of the best European players oed to London in order to participate, having guaranteed expenses if they had not gained a prize. Increasing of the rendered tornei necessary the introduction of the time limits: without limits, the players could go ahead for hours. Staunton stabil?l first torneo tenutosi to London that the players had a limit of two hours in order to carry out ventiquattro the movements was used the hourglasses. Approximately vent' years after, special clock was perfected one in order to hold the time. Today, no serious torneo is carried out without the aid of the clock. One curious "innovation" of the 18, century was the so-called mechanical player. The first automations hid a person to the inside of the box it, later on divennero commant at a distance, electrically. The first player of chess automatic rifle was one machine created in the 1769 from the Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen, a public official Hungarian. He was composed from a dressed mockup of human shape of Turkish dresses, attacked to a piece of furniture. Suscit?bbastanza interest to make so that Philidor wanted to play to you: naturally, it defeated it with facilit?Un hundred of years after, in 1868, appeared a similar invention. Ajeeb was a machine that, to said of its producer, English Charles Arthur Hopper was in a position to playing to chess. To New York it had like adversaries, between the others, Sarah Bemhardt and Or Charles Godfrey Gumpel costru?ephisto and held the first demonstration to London in. Mephisto, as its predecessori were not other that a device with a person to the inside that played to chess. Commant from Isidor Gunsberg, it was the first machine to gain a torneo of chess. L' chasing scacchistico professionismo port? to establish new tito them for the players. Same Steinitz istitu?l tito it in 1866 and the defense pi?olte, losing it finally against Emanuel Lasker in 1894. Steinitz had 58 years when finally rinunci?l tito it and it lived only others six years remained champion of the world for 28 years and Lasker for 27: nobody of their successory?ai successful one to reign cos? along. Chess bloomed in our century, is in popolarit?he in technique. Like other manifestations, chess was sets aside to you during the first world war. And the scacchistica scene was different after the end of the war. Il pi?mportante administrative change of the 20, century was the creation of a world-wide committee for chess. In years 20 emerged a new exciting school of scacchistico thought. Called the school ipermoderna, it comprised theorists which Nets, Tartahower and Nimzowitsch. They supported, between the other things, the control of the center at a distance. Their ideas promulgarono not only writing them, but thanks to numerous victories on the chessboard. For before met?el the century it was kept at intervals irregular it was based on encounter, not tornei and remained under the control of the same champion. Lasker was struck from Capablanca in 1921, than then lost in favour of Alekhine in 1927. This last one, than present?briaco to some games, lost the title it in 1935 yielding it to Max Euwe in one exciting game. It newly gained the world-wide championship in 1937 and maintained to the title it until its dead women, in the 1946, antecedents to the comunismo it came from the aristocracy chess as instrument of training to the war is a bourgeois idea, and cos?ia). But money and engagement were pour to you in chess, allowing to this game to bloom. After the dead women of Alekhine in 1946 the FIDE only was in a position to extending just the control to the world-wide championship. In order to assure to its players the possibilit?i to participate, the Soviet Union uni finally to the FIDE in 1947. This last organizz?l world-wide championship of 1948 that consacr?l Soviet Mikhail Botvinnik.. maintained to the title it until 1963, with two only small pauses (Smyslov from 1957 to 58 and the Such one from. The titles scacchistici them form them, like that one of great master, were established officially from the FIDE in 1950, while the Olympic Games continued to earn popolarit?Gli years ` 60 marked the birth of a phenomenon American. Shining and lively, Bobby Fischer cattur?' attention ovunque trov? to play. World-wide Sfior?l tito it pi?i once and, finally, obtained it in 1972. On the point of being eliminated, it gave forfait in one of first left and finally it gained the title it after to have been under of two left. Fischer, a colorful anti-communist, gave one pushed strongly to western chess. Fischer remained in exile (car-tax) from the world of chess for 20 years. Chess today is pi?ompetiti to you that never. Perhaps unavoidablly in these circumstances, the title world-wide it?iventato controversy object: currently two world-wide organizations support of to have assigned to the title it of champion of the world. Ciononostante, moving chess is today how much never and lives players is finally also of the women, like Polgar the full sisters of talent. Every so often there are players who criticize being left over of the computer in this discipline asserting that distrugger?l human game chess: the encounter between great programs which Chessmaster or Frtz offer to great quantit?i scacchistiche information and didactic material to the players, helping to diffuse always pi?uesto splendid game.