USA history

An article of Wikipédia, the free encyclopaedia. 20 .% of the population speak another language, it. The United States, or the United States of America in long form made up of fifty States, of which forty-eight adjacent the ones with the others and are located between, of in west, then is bordered in north by the east located at the west of Canada, whereas is an Island state located at the medium of the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, the country is composed of fourteen insular territories disseminated in and the Pacific, as well as permanent military bases located in various countries at the four corners of planet, a federal district out of the 50 States. The United States counts more than 300 million inhabitants and constitutes the third country more populated world behind, as well as the fourth larger territory own. Immigration is very abundant and the population counts among the most diversified in the World on the ethnic level. The national economy is most important in the World with. Declaration of independence of the British United States of America thirteen colonies in North America, the United States obtained their independence of the war of American independence Constitution of the United States of America. Declaration of the rights (United States Bill of Rights) as for it is ratified by the first. The development of the territory was carried out mainly with, but also thanks to bilateral agreements carried out with other European and North-American nations as for them confirmed the military power of the country, the country in illustrated itself more like one. The United States is members of the economic Co-operation for the Asia-Pacific Accord of North-American free trade Organisation of the American States Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Developm Security Council of the United Nations. Revolution, independence and new institutions (1775-1800). The name of the country was suggested by and adopted at the time of the declaration of independence, it. Designation in the short form - of use in the everyday life, teaching and the cartography United States, shortened into US) and the long form - of use in the official documents - is United States of America, shortened in the USA). The long form " .États-Plain of Amérique ." do not resemble by a the great majority of the long forms which starts with "<.Republic de .", " .Royaume de .", etc. It is on the other hand close to the close country, the Amerindians in the Histoire United States colonial of the United States. The human presence is attested in. The first inhabitants of the current United States go down from the people) followed one another on the territory and disappeared mysteriously before the arrival from Europeans. Chart of North America towards 1775., the European powers in the search of and richnesses, sail then settle along the littoral Atlantic Spanish, English, French, Dutch and Scandinavian more or less permanent. The most famous establishments and oldest are those of. In south-west, the Spaniards increase by carrying out forwardings since. The White come into contact and make trade with the people autochtones. do not resist the epidemics introduced by Europeans ((alcohol, weapons with fire), the massacres and the British colonial wars of the Eastern coast, ancestors of the United States of America (chart). Colonization is ensured by. The French explore the valley of. North America quickly becomes a stake between the powers coloniales .: England ensures little by little its supremacy by gaining them) against France, which loses its possessions of the east of Mississippi (chart). The settlement is done primarily by British migrants and by the blacks are employed in south but also for the development of the infrastructures, the thirteen colonies are prosperous and count more than two million inhabitants. Revolution, independence and new institutions (1775-1800). , the American colonists oppose more and more their refuses to them the Indian grounds located at the west of the mountains. The taxes and the taxes are increased whereas the American subjects are not represented with injures the merchants of the East coast. New troops are sent in America and a revolutionary climate settles in, the British soldiers shoot at the demonstrators (., the colonists destroy a cargo of tea (. declaration of independence of the United States, ends up overcoming the English with the reinforcement of France .: . This text, to which ten amendments are added (, remains today still the base of George Washington is selected like first. The institutions settle definitively in Processus of entry in the Union of the various States is marked by four problems majeures .: . The American territory increases gradually towards the west by purchases (. border between the United States and Canada.  .siècle century accelerates the white colonization of) facilitates the integration of the new territories. Whereas the draft of the Blacks is removed at the federal level in and that the States of North abolished slavery between South continued to defend this institution, candidate of the party abolitionist, gains the election présidentielle .: seven Slave states then make secession and form which made 970 .000 victims (3 .% of the American population), of which 620 .000 soldiers, three new amendments with the constitution are voted to abolish slavery, to release the four million slaves in the South, until in the years 1950-1960. The American Civil War results also in to reinforce the federal capacity. It involves upheavals demographic, economic and social considerable.  .siècle century, the second industrial revolution sees the appearance of are built in the downtown area of. The United States must throughout tent vainly take again its sovereignty on the American territory at the time of which will devote the American power. History of the United States since 1980., the United States becomes the first economic, cultural, political power and soldier of the world, the country engages at the sides Des. is initially a material boom and cultural effervescence called the " . The women then the Amerindians obtain the voting rights affect the south of the country and increase the misery of the peasants. (" .nouvelle donne .") to fight the crisis, by posing the bases of. Unemployment does not reabsorb completely that during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor causes the entry in war of the United States in. The American army plays a great part in the release of Western Europe. The United States becomes one. In the years which follow the conflict, the United States is posed as a leader of the Western camp vis-a-vis to the Union soviétique .: opposes two political and economic models then. The country also launches out in the arms race nuclear and to. The interior history of the country is marked by the Movement afro-American of the civic rights in the years 1950-1960 carried out par. in 1989-1991, the United States are today only. The country engages in the diplomatic relations with, the United States are victims of a wave which make several thousands of deaths. The United States is one.  .: the voting rights are granted to the American citizens of more than 18 ans . it is not obligatory. The American citizens are controlled to three échelons .: the federal level since the capital. The currency, the foreign politics, the army and the foreign trade concern the federal State. The country consists of fifty federate States which have full in many domaines .: justice, education, transport, etc. Each 50 State has its flag, its governor, his congress and its government. The legislation differs from one district to another, it guarantees individual rights to the American citizens. To be adopted, an amendment must be approved by the 3/4 of the federate States. The three capacities (legislature, executive and legal) are séparés .:. They are elected for four years together, by the indirect vote for all. Each State is represented by its college of which the number is roughly proportional to the number of inhabitants of the State in question, the president can exercise only two mandates. president of the United States in November was elected. The room of the representatives counts 435 members, elected within the framework of districts (congressional district) for a two years mandate. The number of deputies depends on the demographic weight on États .: the least populated send a representative to the Congress, whereas California has 53 about it. Each State elects two senators for six years, some is its population. The Senate is renewed per third every two years. Composed of nine judges with life chosen by the president with the agreement of the Senate, it interprets the laws and checks their constitutionality. The political life is dominated by two partis .: . or of center-right, its symbol is it. The democratic Party is described as English liberal and classified in the center-left, its animal is it Among the parties of less importance appear it. The States of the North-East, of are famous plus progressists that those of. Presidents of the Vice-président United States of the United States Lists governors of the States of the United States the United States, election presidential. States of the United States of America States of the United States, by order of entry in the Union. The United States of America are composed of 50. Forty-eight contiguous states - all states except it or " .lower 48 ." and occupy the major part of the center of North America. Alaska is separated from the contiguous United States by Canada together, they form the continental United States. Hawaii, the fiftieth state, is located in the Pacific. The chart on the line shows the 50 States, the territories and emphasizes the areas of census of the United States. In more of the territories mentioned on the chart, the United States includes/understands also several other territories. minor islands far away from the United States are uninhabited islands and. Moreover, since 1898, US Navy established important. Geography of the United States of America Climates of the United States of America, climax of the United States (Landscapes arid of the West américain .: The United States is the fourth vastest country (9 .631 .417 km²) behind. With 7 .% of the emerged grounds of planet, the size of the American territory is comparable with that of are larger than France of only one holding (called sometimes " .Mainland ." or " .États-Plain continentaux ."), whose form evokes one. It is necessary to traverse 2 .500 .km to connect Canada to Mexico. The United States has terrestrial 12 .034 km of borders. The length total of the American coasts is of 19 .924 km traverses more 6 .000 km in Mainland, the equivalent of the course of. The last two federate States are northern Pacific Ocean, and Alaska, in the west of Canada is a free State associé .: it also acts of largest and of more populated. Except Alaska, the principal top is it. The lowest altitude is that of. Principal tops of the United States the vastness of the territory, the large variety of the reliefs and the climates produce very diverse landscapes according to areas'. The south is subject to the tropical influences. Towards the interior follow one another the hills of, which culminate with 2 .300 meters of altitude and are covered with forests. The plains and plates of the Center are drained by the river whole of. Large Lakes (North America) represent an important way of navigation connected to the river is dominated by the Rocky Mountains, culminate them with approximately <.00<.meters in Colorado .: the climate is. The inner basins are marked by. The Pacifique coast is dominated by assembly lines covered with forests very wet, that of California knows one. Alaska is a State where dominate the active mountains and volcanos () .: the littoral is subject to the oceanic influences whereas extreme north is in. Lastly, the archipelago of Hawaii consists of a series of. The majority of the active volcanos are at the west, in Alaska and on the archipelago of Hawaii .: Principal rivers of the States-Unis .: represent together a surface of approximately 250 .000 km², that is to say half of the surface of the Metropolitan France. List Large Lakes, classified larger with the more petit .: The other important lakes sont .: The Americans concentrate on the littorals, including those Des., the densities are overall weak, except downtown some isolated and California. The latter is the State more populated of the United States and continuous to attract migratory flows intern and external. Cities in the United States of America. More of the three quarters of the population is urban. The most dynamic areas and gravitational are located in. The reconversion of the North-East of the country enables him to hold an important role. National parks in the United States Lists botanical gardens of the United States of America Politique environmental of the United States of America. The United States has one century the first economic power of the world, the United States produce more than 13 000 billion dollars, that is to say more than 19 .% of all the richnesses of planet. In 2006, the American GNP was slightly lower than that of. The country is placed in the eighth world place for the GNP per capita and in the fourth place at purchasing power parity. The most dynamic sectors are it and industries of the armament, even if the advance were reduced since the end of (great distribution, services financial and banking, insurances, cinematographic production, tourism...), which contributes for 75 .% of the GNP. The United States is largest. and Germany are the principal trade partners American is overdrawn, in particular with China. The electric material constitutes principal the exportation . the country imports many motor vehicles, symbolic system place of the American American economy is highest of the monde .: in 2005, it accounted for 23 .% of world volume on 120 countries for the debt brought back to the GNP. Several assets explain the power of the economy américaine .: the American territory immense, is well equipped in mining resources (second world producer with. It is located between the two large oceans of planet, the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It is also well controlled by a grid system varied (. the mean level of life is strong, even if the social inequalities are important. and the English language have an international radiation. The federal State invests a relatively significant part of in research and does not hesitate to be American are present on all the continents and take part in the economic power of the country, a regional organization which supports free movement of the goods and the capital is 155 million employees, of which 80 .% work full-time. 79 .% of the American working population work in the services are the sectors which occupy the most employment. The mobility of work is important and are shorter to them than in the other industrialized countries. The United States maintains one of work highest of the world. The American economy created 2 million new employment in Trade deficit cumulated in May 2007 .: 296 billion $ Agreement of North-American free trade Consult the paragraphs on the economy of the states and the large cities. The United States is a rich and developed country, with strong social inequalities row of the most developed states planet. According to the office of the American census, the gross income average was of 46 .326 .$ in 2005. It is highest of the country in, these levels of incomes are comparable with those of the other developed countries. The share of the Americans living under slightly increased during the two mandates of. Social protection in the United States of America. Social protection in the United States covers 90 .% of the American population, but it remains less complete than in Europe. (Welfare State), the government puts in?uvre several programs in order to help the people in difficulté .: , LIHEAP for poorest, OASDHI for the unemployed ones and widows, etc. The system of distribution of the social assistances is pluralist and gives a fixed envelope to the 50. Social protection depends on the situation of the individu .: the federal organization of the United States involves geographical inequalities as for the expenditure and with the social redistributions dominant is that the best Social Security remains the  .: the various governments which follow one another seek before very maintaining. Contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the fate of the poor does not leave indifferent to the United States.  ." It should be stressed that poverty is largely taken of load by the Americans within the framework of (more 650 .000 in all the country), of the religious organizations and of the institutions  . the United States is the first country of the world for. It implies especially the pensioners and the women. The American voluntary help is particularly developed in the field of arts and contributes to the operation of many cultural institutions, the system of the retirements got more half of their incomes to two thirds of reprocessed of the United States, the federal government spent 289 billion dollars for the system of the obligatory retirements. The Pensions are paid by the large companies and the public administrations consists of plans of saving-retirement and. The poorest pensioners receive complementary federal assistances (the OASDHI) and for the care (. With more than 300 million inhabitants since 2006, the American population accounts for approximately 4,5 .% of the world population against 0,16 .% for the European Union. The birth rate is slightly higher that of than Europe. The number of clandestine immigrants is estimated at 12 million people, that is to say 4 .% of the American population. In 2006, 1,27 million immigrants received a chart of legal residence. Mexico has been the first country of immigrants for two decades. Since 1998, China, India and the Philippines are the three other countries of origin of the migrants. The demography of the United States of America differs from the other industrialized countries and développés .: They are the first immigration country of the monde .: in, they accomodated more than 1,8 million immigrants and, in 2005, they count officially 36 million inhabitants born abroad, that is to say 12,4 .% of the population. y is stronger and dynamics that in the other rich countries. They are with the third rank of the countries most populated, behind. A third approximately of the inhabitants claims ancestors today belonging to one. There is around fifty of agglomerations of more than one million inhabitants. Eleven or twelve million clandestine would work in the United States, coming primarily from Latin America the richest places in the United States (classification of the States and Comtés according to their richness) ~. One distinguishes two types of culture to the States-Unis .: élitiste culture and popular culture. First is known little, the second rayon in the whole world thanks to the cinema, the music, Internet. The American culture has a Anglo-Saxon base, which is explained by the historical origins of the country. However, the contributions of other cultures contribute to make of the United States a crucible culturel .: the Indian heritage is read in certain words and toponyms the French influence, but especially acadian, is strong in the immigrants European and Jewish also marked the culture of the country. List American universities Bibliothèques in the United States of America Education system of the United States of America east one of the places of American research century, the United States occupy the first world ranks for try out new ways of producing the vehicles proceed to the one of the first flights in the constrained plane of many European scientists to emigrate in the United States, such which inserts the world in the atomic age. It is in the United States that were born Today, scientific research and technological remainder points some in particular in the field of, thanks to important investments and famous universities. A majority of the Americans has an access to Internet. Theatre in the United States, the American literature remains influenced by the?uvres and the European authors appears a properly American literature with authors such which are the principal literary figures of the United States in the second half of, which was not famous of alive sound, was recognized thereafter like one of the essential poets of America. Eleven Americans received it, is recognized like one of the major writers of. Among the most significant novels of the country, one finds. The literary kinds born in the most popular United States and in this country are it and Thoreau is at the origin of the first American philosophical movement with are the representative of analytical philosophy is an artistic movement, founded by a group of painters influenced by. Their tables represent the American landscapes. in New York is regarded as the starting point of and other artists experienced new styles and put in?uvre a single sensitivity. The art of photography developed in an early way in the United States, as of are two kinds born in the American press. (1962), became icons and symbols of America. Worsen State Building and Chrysler Building, New York is varied according to areas' and built themselves thanks to the external contributions, which were not only. Amerindian and colonial architecture left few vestiges. With the birth of the United States, the public buildings are influenced by graeco-latin antiquity and reflect the republican ideal century follow one another of many styles such as which are attached to the European traditions. American architecture émancipe really at the XIX century end with the creation of a new type of bâtiment .: are famous examples of style inaugurates the period of organic architecture in the United States are regarded as its principal representatives. in New York is the most remarkable illustration of. In the years 1960, the major?uvres of the postmodernism are it. Years 1970-1980 are remembered by the construction of museums to the daring forms (. Broadway in New York east one of the top-places of the spectacle in the United States east one of the first promoters of the American theatre, which started in the district of the spectacles in Manhattan in and Tony Hart join in becomes the center of this kind in the United States gains the Nobel Prize of littérature . . (1874-1954) is regarded as one of the first large type-setters American, in tried after him to give an American approach of the traditional composition develop a specifically American synthesis of the music popular and traditional were the central figures of creation in. Cook of the United States of America. The American kitchen is with the image of the settlement of the country, i.e. various and métissée. However, the principal contributions are German, Dutch and Irish and these influences perdurent until our days. The Amerindian kitchen also counts beaucoup .: the traditional receipts of the Indians of Alabama are preserved and protected like a cultural inheritance. There also exists of many dishes and kitchens régionaux .: from Louisiana, cooks country of the Old South (of which. It is in the United States that were born the fast kitchen () and the products for human consumption from mass, which were diffused in the whole world (. the religion is officially separated from the State and this principle is ensured by. The first amendment guarantees nonthe interference of the State in the religions as well as the freedom of worship, it is never refers to God or Providence. The original currency of the United States east E pluribus unum . The federal State does not subsidize any religious school. Since 1962, the prayer organized at the school is prohibited by the stop " .Engel against Vitale .". affirm that 75 .% of the Americans are declared believing in the United States, for 43 .% of practise is the national sport of the  . United States: the greatest stage of American football of the world is regarded as the national sport of the United States are the three other major disciplines in the country, whose matches are looked by thousands of spectators are the most followed individual sports, even if they are competed with by in the United States is largely practised by the young people and the teams of amateurs. Tennis and other sports of full air is also appreciated. If many sports were been essential of Europe, it is in America that was born the basketball-ball .: it was invented par., it derives from Amerindian practices précoloniales. century of our era and was given to the style of the day par. were invented in the United States with the XX. took place on the American territory, four of summer (. the American athletes gained a total of 2 .191 medals since the beginnings of, that is to say more than any other country. The country occupies the second place behind. Several American sportsmen became famous in the monde .: one can quote, among so many others the player of baseball. The most important sporting events are it, Pasteur afro-American militant for the civic rights of the Blacks. Washington' S Birthday (commonly, President' S Day). , first president of the United States (February 22), and of Célébration of the contribution of the workers to the country, the first procession takes place in 1882. Thanks with God for the healthy arrival and saves in America of the boat Mayflower. Certain days are non-working in a State, but not in the autre .: in Day (March 31) or Native American Day (4 Monday of September), the public schools can be closed. Languages in the United States of America, no law had been voted to specify where had voted such laws with the profit chronologically of adopted a private bill suggested by like "the  .langue common one and unificatrice ." from the United States. The acquisition of American nationality or permanent would be, according to this private bill, submitted to the good knowledge of English. To come into effect, it must be also adopted with. The Council for the development of French in Louisiana), organization of State charged to promote French in, representative (appointed) and French-speaking lawyer. Thereafter, French gains a special statute in this State (however, Louisiana is not declared officially bilingual). in favour of the French-speaking rebirth are voted unanimously by the Room of the representatives and the Senate of Louisiana is the first French-speaking governor of Louisiana to the XX. List American scientists alphabetically Liste presidents of the United States of America Liste American writers by chronological order Liste American writers alphabetically. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Large seal of the United States. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes, Large seal of the United States. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes. Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes Numbers aéroports .: 14 .858 (whose 5 .119 with tracks tarred) (in the United States has for codes .: list prefixes of codes ICAO of the airports lists prefixes ICAO of registration of the aircraft code list countries used by NATO (code list country), code alpha-2. (code list country), code alpha-3, code list countries used by NATO code list country of the CIO international code list of the number plates. Like the majority of the States, the United States has a name runs for the everyday usage, teaching and cartographic, and a long name for the official use. University of South Carolina .: School of Library & Information Science -.edu/bob/class/clis734/webguides/milbase. On the sites of Old Crow and Bluefish . lira Philippe Jacquin, Daniel Royot, Go West . History of the American West of yesterday to today, Paris, Flammarion, 2002, p., June 2004, Smihtsonian Institute, National Museum of Natural History. was the first to abolish the esclavage .: to see Jacques Binoche, History of the United States, Paris, Ellipses, 2003, p., Is necessary it to be afraid of Amérique . De Rosa, The Politics of Dissolution: The Quest for has National Identity and the American Civil War, Edison, NJ: Transaction, 1997, nonexhaustive p. Liste, in particular for Alaska which counts many tops higher than 4 000 meters of altitude the figures of the population base itself on the definition of the Carryforward for Selected Countries and Subjects (180 countries. 6 subjects). Office of Labor Statistics Home Page. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005., Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Rank Order-GDP (Purchasing Power Parity). Exports and General Imports by Selected SITC Commodity Groups: 2002 to 2005, October 2006, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007. Debt and How It Got So Big. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2007, " . Establishments, Employees, and Payroll by Employment-Size Class and Industry: 2000 to 2003. In the East, Many HAVE Work Rules Don' T Apply. The state of the world 2006, Paris, the Discovery, 2005, page 362 Pierre-Yves Dugua, " .Dollar faible .: America balances some for the touristes ."dans The Human Development Index-Going Beyond Income. Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2005. Andre Kaspi, the United States of today, Paris, Plon, 1999, p. Lherm, American civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p. National Energy Referral Assistance - LIHEAP Clearinghouse. Lherm, American civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p. Lherm, American civilization, Paris, PUF, 2004, p., Of the culture in America, Paris, Gallimard, 2006. Andre Kaspi, the United States of today, Paris, Plon, 1999, p. The Size and Characteristics of the Migrant Unauthorized Population in the U United States: Signal Ten Sending Countries, By Country of Birth, 1986 to 2006 (table available by finely selection). , Of the culture in America, Paris, Gallimard, 2006. the American Senate makes of English the " .langue nationale ." Pages on this topic on the Wikimedia . projects:. Forces armed with the Constitution United States of the United States of America presidential Election in the United States of America presidential Election of the United States of America the 2004 United States: Synoptic list of the states and capital Lists American inventions Liste official trees of the United States of America Liste flags of the States of the United States of America Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Politique of the United States of America Education system of the United States of America Portail official the United States of America diffused by the Service of information of the State Department of the United States. Guide of voyage on the United States of America. Immigration at the Southern border, relations, economy and social inequalities. Transatlantica, scientific review of American studies Security Council of the United Nations the United States of America South Georgia and the islands Sandwich of the South??????? - (??????) 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